BENIN

Abatan, Jeannine. 2020. “Benin’s Local Elections Further Reduce the Political Space.” ISS Africa. May 27, 2020. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/benins-local-elections-further-reduce-the-political-space.

aCotonou.com. 2022. “Limitation Du Nombre Des Mandats Électifs Au Bénin: Quels Candidats Pour Les Législatives de 2023 et La Présidentielle de 2026 ?” Acotonou.com. June 28, 2022. http://news.acotonou.com/h/144271.html.

Adida, Claire. 2021. “Benin Has a New President: Patrice Talon, an Ironic Outsider Politician.” Washington Post, December 7, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/13/benin-has-a-new-president-patrice-talon-an-ironic-outsider-politician/.

AfricaNews. 2016. “Benin Delays in Voter Cards Distribution ahead of February 28 Polls.” Africanews. 2016. https://www.africanews.com/2016/02/05/benin-delays-in-voter-cards-distribution/.

———. 2021. “Benin Opposition Candidate Jailed and Accused of Terrorism.” Africanews. 2021. https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/08/benin-opposition-candidate-jailed-and-accused-of-terrorism/.

Al Jazeera. 2019. “Protesters in Benin Clash with Police in Post-Election Violence.” Al Jazeera. May 2, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/2/protesters-in-benin-clash-with-police-in-post-election-violence.

———. 2021. “One Protester Killed in Benin Days before Polls: Health Official.” Al Jazeera. April 8, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/8/one-protester-killed-in-benin-ahead-of-polls-health-official.

Banouto. 2023. “Législatives 2023 Au Bénin : Liste Des 109 Députés Élus Selon Les Résultats Provisoires Par La CENA.” Banouto.bj. January 11, 2023. https://www.banouto.bj/article/politique/20230111-legislatives-2023-au-benin-liste-des-109-deputes-elus-selon-les-resultats-provisoires-par-la-cena.

BBC. 2012. “Benin President Yayi: Three Arrested ‘over Poison Plot.’” BBC News, October 22, 2012, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20037201.

———. 2017. “Benin’s Parliament Rejects One-Term Limit on Presidency.” BBC News, April 5, 2017, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39502177.

———. 2019. “Benin Holds Vote with No Opposition Candidates.” Www.bbc.com, April 28, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48084124.

Cour Constitutionnelle Bénin. “Minutes of the Constitutional Court Meeting.” Accessed July 24, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20170505165500/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-benin.org/dminutes/cmunike17.pdf.

Cour Constitutionnelle du Bénin. “Proclamation des Résultats Provisoires de l’Élection Présidentielle du 11 Avril 2021.” Accessed July 24, 2024. https://courconstitutionnelle.bj/public/download/proclamation-des-resultats-provisoires-de-lelection-presidentielle-du-11-avril-2021.

France24H. 2016. “Présidentielle Au Bénin : Lionel Zinsou Reconnaît La Victoire de Patrice Talon.” France 24. March 21, 2016. https://www.france24.com/fr/20160321-benin-patrice-talon-lionel-zinsou-presidentielle-victoire-adversaire-roi-coton.

———. 2021. “Benin Opposition Leader Reckya Madougou Sentenced to 20 Years in Prison.” France 24. December 11, 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211211-benin-opposition-leader-reckya-madougou-sentenced-to-20-years-in-prison.

Kpéidja, Angela. 2020. “Présidentielle 2021 : Les Éclairages de La CENA Sur Le Parrainage.” ORTB. September 30, 2020. https://ortb.bj/a-la-une/5331presidentielle-2021-les-eclairages-de-la-cena-sur-le-parrainage/.

Le Monde. 2018. “Au Bénin, L’opposant Sébastien Ajavon Condamné À Vingt Ans de Prison Pour Trafic de Cocaïne.” Le Monde.fr, October 19, 2018. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/19/au-benin-l-opposant-sebastien-ajavon-condamne-a-vingt-ans-de-prison-pour-trafic-de-cocaine_5371671_3212.html.

Ouitona, Serge. 2020. “Présidentielle 2021 Au Bénin : La CENA Dévoile Le Calendrier Électoral.” Afrik. December 30, 2020. https://www.afrik.com/presidentielle-2021-au-benin-la-cena-devoile-le-calendrier-electoral.

RFI. 2012. “Bénin : ‘Toute Cette Histoire S’apparente À Un Canular.’” RFI. October 30, 2012. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/mfi/20121030-benin-toute-cette-histoire-s-apparente-canular.

———. 2014. “Benin President Pardons ‘Poison-Plot’ Businessman Who Fled to France.” RFI. May 15, 2014. https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20140515-benin-president-pardons-poison-plot-businessman-who-fled-france.

———. 2018. “Bénin: Adoption D’un Nouveau Code Électoral.” RFI. September 4, 2018. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20180904-benin-adoption-nouveau-code-electoral.

Soudan, François. 2020. “[Édito] Les Municipales Au Bénin, Un Test Démocratique – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. March 19, 2020. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/912820/politique/edito-les-municipales-au-benin-un-test-democratique/.

Vidjingninou, Fiacre. 2019. “Au Bénin, La Constitution Est Révisée Au Grand Dam de L’opposition – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. November 2, 2019. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/850931/politique/au-benin-la-constitution-est-revisee-au-grand-dam-de-lopposition/.

ZOHOUN, Judicaël. 2016. “Une Requête Pour l’Invalidation de La Candidature de Sébastien Ajavon.” 24 HEURES AU BENIN. 2016. https://www.24haubenin.info/Une-requete-pour-l-invalidation-de-la-Candidature-de-Sebastien-Ajavon-8649-8649-8649-8649-8649.

———. 2020. “Les Résultats Des Élections Municipales Du 17 Mai 2020.” 24 HEURES AU BENIN. 2020. https://www.24haubenin.info/?Les-resultats-des-elections-municipales-du-17-mai-2020.

BURKINA FASO

Al Jazeera. 2020. “Burkina Faso: Preliminary Election Results Hand Victory to Kabore.” Www.aljazeera.com. November 26, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/26/burkina-faso-preliminary-election-results-hand-victory-to-kabore.

———. 2022. “Who Is Paul-Henri Damiba, Leader of the Burkina Faso Coup?” Www.aljazeera.com. January 25, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/25/burkina-faso-coup-leader-paul-henri-sandaogo-damiba.

B24, Rédaction. 2015. “Zida Nommé Général de Division.” Burkina24.com – Actualité Du Burkina Faso 24h/24. November 27, 2015. https://burkina24.com/2015/11/27/zida-nomme-general-de-division/.

Bako, Habibou , and Ibrahim Maïga. 2020. “Lessons from Mali as Burkina and Niger Head for the Polls.” ISS Africa. November 10, 2020. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/lessons-from-mali-as-burkina-and-niger-head-for-the-polls?utm_source=BenchmarkEmail&utm_campaign=ISS_Weekly&utm_medium=email.

Banchereau, Mark. 2024. “Burkina Faso Junta Extends Its Transition Term by 5 Years.” AP News. May 25, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/burkina-faso-military-junta-transition-election-coup-aa6f41f810c4d173748564b9c1f1acec.

BBC. 2014. “Burkina Faso General Takes over as Compaore Resigns.” BBC News, October 31, 2014, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29851445.

———. 2022a. “Burkina Faso: Shots Heard near Presidential Palace.” BBC News, January 23, 2022, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60102087.

———. 2022b. “Who Is Burkina Faso Coup Leader Lt-Col Damiba?” BBC News, January 26, 2022, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60141195.

France24H. 2023. “French Army Officially Ends Operations in Burkina Faso.” France 24. February 20, 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230220-french-army-officially-ends-operations-in-burkina-faso.

Freedom House. 2021. “Burkina Faso: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report.” Freedom House. 2021. https://freedomhouse.org/country/burkina-faso/freedom-world/2021.

Jeune Afrique. 2014. “Exclusif. Burkina : Blaise Compaoré S’est Réfugié À Yamoussoukro, En Côte d’Ivoire – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. November 1, 2014. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/40932/politique/exclusif-burkina-blaise-compaor-s-est-r-fugi-yamoussoukro-en-c-te-d-ivoire/.

Le Figaro. 2015. “Burkina Faso: Le Président Kafando Revient Au Pouvoir.” Le Figaro. September 23, 2015. https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2015/09/23/97001-20150923FILWWW00111-burkina-faso-le-president-kafando-revient-au-pouvoir.php.

Le Monde. 2021. “Burkina Faso : L’ex-Président Blaise Compaoré Sera Jugé Pour L’assassinat de Thomas Sankara.” Le Monde.fr, April 13, 2021. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/04/13/burkina-faso-l-ex-president-blaise-compaore-sera-juge-pour-l-assassinat-de-thomas-sankara_6076623_3212.html.

Lefaso.net. 2022. “Charte Constitutionnelle de La Transition : L’intégralité Du Document Provisoire – LeFaso.net.” Lefaso.net. February 27, 2022. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article111517.

Maclean, Ruth, and Elian Peltier. 2022. “Military Officers Announce Coup in Burkina Faso.” The New York Times, September 30, 2022, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/world/africa/burkina-faso-coup.html.

Mathieu Bonkoungou and Nadoun Coulibaly, “Kabore Wins Burkina Faso Presidential Vote – Electoral Commission,” Yahoo News, November 26, 2020. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://www.yahoo.com/news/kabore-wins-burkina-faso-presidential-vote-electoral-commission-003634457.html.

Penney, Joe. “Stand-off in Burkina Faso.” Reuters. November 19, 2014. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-politics-idUSKCN0J323F20141119.

RFI. 2014. “Burkina Faso: Qui Est Isaac Zida, Adoubé Par l’Armée et Déjà Contesté?” RFI. November 1, 2014. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20141101-burkina-faso-isaac-zida-regiment-securite-presidentiel-etat-major-arm%C3%A9e-transition.

———. 2015a. “Burkina Faso: La Colère Des Partis de l’Ex-Majorité.” RFI. August 27, 2015. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150827-burkina-faso-colere-partis-ex-majorite-cdp-compaore.

———. 2015b. “Burkina Faso: Le Régiment de Sécurité Présidentielle Dissous.” RFI. September 25, 2015. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150925-burkina-faso-regiment-securite-presidentielle-rsp-dissout-putsch.

———. 2022. “Burkina: Des Militaires Annoncent La Dissolution Du Gouvernement, Le Capitaine Ibrahim Traoré Prend Le Pouvoir.” RFI. September 30, 2022. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20220930-burkina-faso-des-militaires-annoncent-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement-et-la-fermeture-des-fronti%C3%A8res.

———. 2023. “Burkina Faso: Le Gouvernement de Transition Dit Avoir Déjoué Une Tentative de Coup D’État.” RFI. September 27, 2023. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230927-burkina-faso-l-arm%C3%A9e-dit-avoir-d%C3%A9jou%C3%A9-une-tentative-de-coup-d-%C3%A9tat.

Zoure, Abdou. 2014. “Michel Kafando, Président de La Transition.” Burkina24.com – Actualité Du Burkina Faso 24h/24. November 17, 2014. https://burkina24.com/2014/11/17/michel-kafando-president-de-la-transition/.

cote d’ivoire

Africa News. 2019. “Côte d’Ivoire : Guillaume Soro Largement Réélu Président de l’Assemblée Nationale – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. December 9, 2019. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390869/politique/cote-divoire-guillaume-soro-reelu-president-de-lassemblee-nationale/.

AfricaNews. 2016. “Vote Counting Underway in Ivorian Referendum.” Africanews. 2016. https://www.africanews.com/2016/10/30/violence-recorded-at-ivorian-referendum-voting-continues/.

———. 2021. “Opposition Parties in Ivory Coast to Take Part in Legislative Polls.” Africanews. 2021. https://www.africanews.com/2021/01/07/opposition-parties-in-ivory-coast-to-take-part-in-legislative-polls/.

AIP. 2020. “Présidentielle 2020 : Ouattara Vainqueur À plus de 94% Avec Un Taux de Participation de plus de 53% (CEI)) – Abidjan.net News.” Abidjan.net. 2020. https://news.abidjan.net/articles/683120/index.

Anonym. 2020. “Ivory Coast: The Reform of the Electoral Code Will Be by Ordinance.” Www.tellerreport.com. March 20, 2020. https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-03-20—ivory-coast–the-reform-of-the-electoral-code-will-be-by-ordinance-.rJbK5QlzI8.html#google_vignette.

APA. 2020. “Les Partis Politiques Ivoiriens Désormais ‘Obligés’ de Présenter 30% de Femmes Aux Élections Législatives et Locales – Abidjan.net News.” Abidjan.net. 2020. https://news.abidjan.net/articles/684196/index.

BBC. 2015. “Ivory Coast Election: Alassane Ouattara Wins Second Term.” BBC News, October 28, 2015, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34655049.

———. 2020. “Ivory Coast PM Amadou Gon Coulibaly Dies after Cabinet Meeting.” Www.bbc.com, July 8, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53340236.

Buchanan, Elsa. 2017. “Ivory Coast President Alassane Ouattara Vows to Step down in 2020.” International Business Times UK. January 5, 2017. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ivory-coast-president-alassane-ouattara-vows-step-down-2020-1599444.

Duhem, Vincent. 2020. “Côte d’Ivoire Election 2020: Opposition Struggles to Find Common Ground.” The Africa Report.com. November 2, 2020. https://www.theafricareport.com/48615/cote-divoire-election-2020-opposition-struggles-to-find-common-ground/.

DW. 2020. “Ivory Coast: Ouattara’s Third-Term Bid Reignites Violence – DW – 08/27/2020.” Dw.com. August 27, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/ivory-coast-protests-ouattara-gbagbo/a-54718584.

France24H. 2011. “Laurent Gbagbo À La CPI, Les Détails de La Procédure.” France 24. November 30, 2011. https://www.france24.com/fr/20111130-cote-ivoire-laurent-gbagbo-cpi-justice-cour-penale-internationale-procedure-exactions-crimes-contre-humanite-meurtres.

———. 2020. “Ivory Coast’s Ouattara to Run for Third Term in October Election.” France 24. August 6, 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200806-ivory-coast-s-ouattara-to-run-for-third-term-in-october-election.

———. 2024. “Former Ivorian President Gbagbo Agrees to Run in 2025 Election.” France 24. March 10, 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240310-former-ivory-coast-president-gbagbo-agrees-to-run-in-2025-election.

Obiang, Lazard. 2016. “Côte d’Ivoire : Léonard Guéi a Remporté Le 255e Siège de Député.” Africtelegraph – Toute l’Actualité Africaine. December 31, 2016. https://africtelegraph.com/blog/2016/12/31/cote-divoire-leonard-guei-a-remporte-255e-siege-de-depute/.

Richard, Florence. 2020. “Alassane Ouattara Prête Serment et Invite L’opposition Au Dialogue – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. December 14, 2020. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1091179/politique/alassane-ouattara-prete-serment-et-invite-lopposition-au-dialogue/.

VOA News. 2011. “UN: Ivory Coast Crisis Not over Yet.” Voice of America. April 10, 2011. https://www.voanews.com/a/un-ivory-coast-crisis-not-over-yet-119617614/157864.html.

GUINE-BISSAU

Alberto Dabo, “Bissau Poll Front-Runner Vaz Wins Presidential Runoff,” Reuters, May 20, 2014. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bissau-election-idUSBREA4J0OX20140520/.

Alberto Dabo, “Heavy Gunfire Heard Near Guinea-Bissau Presidential Palace,” Reuters, February 1, 2022. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-near-guinea-bissau-presidential-palace-2022-02-01/.

Al Jazeera. 2012. “Guinea-Bissau Coup Leaders Consolidate Power – Africa – al Jazeera English.” Web.archive.org. April 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120414235947/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/2012413232852260513.html.

———. 2022. “Guinea Bissau President Dissolves Parliament in New Political Row.” Www.aljazeera.com. May 17, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/17/guinea-bissau-president-dissolves-parliament-in-new-political-row.

ASADU, CHINEDU. 2023. “Guinea-Bissau’s President Issues a Decree Dissolving the Opposition-Controlled Parliament.” AP News. December 4, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/guinea-bissau-dissolves-parliament-failed-coup-bde55e35433077ef4b1f4ac6b800b80d.

BARBOSA, DARCICIO. 2023. “Gunfire Erupts in Guinea-Bissau’s Capital during Reported Clashes between Security Forces.” AP News. December 1, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/guineabissau-gunfire-national-guard-corruption-9d48a33161b7ae264938143c1ff05ee1.

BBC. 2012. “Guinea-Bissau Military Attack Parts of Capital.” BBC News, April 13, 2012, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17698853.

Cajucam, Casimiro. 2024. “Guiné-Bissau: Eleições Legislativas Antecipadas Em Novembro 2024 – Vatican News.” Www.vaticannews.va. July 19, 2024. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.vaticannews.va/pt/africa/news/2024-07/guine-bissau-eleicoes-legislativas-antecipadas-em-novembro-2024.html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1721864621777153&usg=AOvVaw2kginBOFq8OLE4p_pGlOeL.

DEMOCRATA, Author: O. 2023. “PAI – TERRA RANKA É a GRANDE VENCEDORA DAS LEGISLATIVAS, COM CINQUENTA E QUATRO DEPUTADOS.” O Democrata GB. June 8, 2023. https://www.odemocratagb.com/?p=44844.

DW. 2012. “Carlos Gomes Júnior E Kumba Ialá Disputam Segunda Volta Das Presidenciais – DW – 21/03/2012.” Dw.com. March 21, 2012. https://www.dw.com/pt-002/carlos-gomes-j%C3%BAnior-e-kumba-ial%C3%A1-disputam-segunda-volta-das-presidenciais/a-15824314.

———. 2019. “Guiné-Bissau: Polícia Usa Gás Para Reprimir Manifestação – DW – 26/10/2019.” Dw.com. October 26, 2019. https://www.dw.com/pt-002/guin%C3%A9-bissau-pol%C3%ADcia-usa-g%C3%A1s-lacrimog%C3%A9neo-para-reprimir-manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-50998924.

———. 2020. “Sissoco Toma ‘Posse Simbólica’ Como Presidente – DW – 27/02/2020.” Dw.com. February 27, 2020. https://www.dw.com/pt-002/em-meio-a-contencioso-judicial-sissoco-toma-posse-simb%C3%B3lica-como-presidente-da-guin%C3%A9-bissau/a-52560557.

———. 2024. “Guinea-Bissau Opposition Fears ‘Dictatorship’ – DW – 03/22/2024.” Dw.com. March 22, 2024. https://www.dw.com/en/guinea-bissau-opposition-fears-dictatorship/a-68641868.

Embalo, Allen. 2012. “AFP: Guinea-Bissau Leader Malam Bacai Sanha Dies in Paris.” Archive.ph. December 5, 2012. https://archive.ph/20121205200059/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jQ_g50A9P12C5ScvEpONCJS7PTZQ?docId=CNG.f8db5baad7ae448fa2cbc149e29e6ae8.01.

Here is the Chicago-style citation for the archived article with the access date: “Guinea-Bissau Coup Leaders Name Interim President,” Reuters, April 14, 2012. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053223/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE83D00S20120414.

Press, The Associated. 2012. “President Malam Bacai Sanhá of Guinea-Bissau Dies at 64.” The New York Times, January 10, 2012, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/africa/president-malam-bacai-sanha-of-guinea-bissau-dies-at-64.html.

Tasamba, James. 2019. “Guinea-Bissau’s Leader Concedes Election Defeat.” Www.aa.com.tr. November 19, 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/guinea-bissaus-leader-concedes-election-defeat/1658683.

VOA News. 2014. “Vaz Elected President of Guinea-Bissau.” Voice of America. May 20, 2014. https://www.voanews.com/a/vaz-elected-president-of-guinea-bissau-/1918556.html.

———. 2019. “Guinea-Bissau Elects a New Parliament.” Voice of America. March 10, 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/guinea-bissau-elects-a-new-parliament/4822453.html.

MALI

ADAMA. 2013. “Le Gouvernement Dissout Le Comité Militaire de Suivi de La Réforme Des Forces de Défense et de Sécurité.” Bamada.net. November 9, 2013. https://bamada.net/le-gouvernement-dissout-le-comite-militaire-de-suivi-de-la-reforme-des-forces-de-defense-et-de-securite.

Al Jazeera. 2012a. “Court to Choose Interim President.” Al Jazeera. April 9, 2012. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/9/mali-court-meets-to-choose-interim-president.

———. 2012b. “Mali Police Use Tear Gas to Disperse Anti-Gov’t Protesters.” Al Jazeera. August 12, 2012. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/12/mali-police-use-tear-gas-to-disperse-anti-govt-protesters.

———. 2013. “Voters Defy Threats as Polls Close in Mali.” Al Jazeera. July 18, 2013. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/28/voters-defy-threats-as-polls-close-in-mali.

———. 2020. “Mali Crisis: From Disputed Election to President’s Resignation.” Www.aljazeera.com. August 19, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/19/mali-crisis-from-disputed-election-to-presidents-resignation.

BBC. 2013. “Mali Crisis: Key Players.” BBC News, March 12, 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17582909.

DW. 2013. “Mali Headed for Second Round – DW – 11/28/2013.” Dw.com. November 18, 2013. https://www.dw.com/en/mali-parliamentary-elections-inconclusive-headed-for-second-round/a-17258840.

———. 2021. “Mali Says Interim President Survives Assassination Attempt – DW – 07/20/2021.” Dw.com. July 20, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/mali-says-president-assimi-goita-survives-assassination-attempt/a-58376438.

France24H. 2020. “Au Mali, Le Président Keïta et Le Premier Ministre Arrêtés Par Des Mutins.” France 24. August 18, 2020. https://www.france24.com/fr/20200818-au-mali-une-mutinerie-%C3%A9clate-dans-un-camp-militaire-pr%C3%A8s-de-bamako.

———. 2023. “Mali Junta Delays February Presidential Election for ‘Technical Reasons.’” France 24. September 25, 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230925-mali-junta-delays-february-presidential-election-for-technical-reasons.

Hirsch, Afua . 2012. “Mali Rebels Claim to Have Ousted Regime in Coup.” The Guardian. March 22, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/22/mali-rebels-coup.

Jeune Afrique. 2021. “Mali : Bah N’Daw Démissionne, Assimi Goïta Devient Président – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com. May 26, 2021. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1178330/politique/mali-bah-ndaw-demissionne-assimi-goita-devient-president/.

Le Figaro. 2013. “Mali: Ibrahim B. Keïta Élu Avec 77,61%.” Le Figaro. August 15, 2013. https://lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/08/15/97001-20130815FILWWW00077-mali-ibrahim-b-keita-elu-avec-7761.php.

Le Monde. 2024. “Mali’s Junta ‘Suspends’ Political Party Activities for ‘Reasons of Public Order.’” Le Monde.fr, April 11, 2024. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/04/11/mali-junta-suspends-political-party-activities-for-subversion_6668049_124.html.

Look, Anne. 2012. “Uncertainty Reigns in Mali.” Voice of America. March 22, 2012. https://www.voanews.com/a/uncertainty-reigns-in-mali-144018866/179366.html.

Marc Fonbaustier, “Mali: A Case Study of a Complex African Crisis,” Marc Fonbaustier, April 2012. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20170228115038/http://marc-fonbaustier.fr/2012/04/mali-case-study-complex-african-crisis/.4o

Modern Ghana, “Mali Army Claims Upper Hand Over Rebels Amid Coup,” Modern Ghana, March 26, 2012. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://www.modernghana.com/news/385457/mali-army-claims-upper-hand-over-rebels-amid-coup.html.

NDI. 2016. “Mali Adopts Law Promoting Gender Equity.” Ndi.org. October 28, 2016. https://www.ndi.org/mali-adopts-gender-quota-law.

RFI. 2020. “Mali: L’ex-Ministre de La Défense Bah N’Daw Désigné Président de Transition.” RFI. September 21, 2020. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200921-l-ex-ministre-la-d%C3%A9fense-Bah-N-Daw-d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9-pr%C3%A9sident-transition-mali.

———. 2023. “Les Maliens Approuvent Le Projet de Nouvelle Constitution Avec 97% Des Voix, Selon l’Autorité Électorale.” RFI. June 23, 2023. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230623-les-maliens-approuvent-le-projet-de-nouvelle-constitution-avec-97-des-voix-selon-l-autorit%C3%A9-%C3%A9lectorale.

niger

ActuNiger. “PRESIDENTIELLE AU NIGER : La Cour Constitutionnelle Valide La Réélection d’Issoufou Mahamadou.” ActuNiger, 30 Mar. 2016, www.actuniger.com/politique/11432-presidentielle-au-niger-la-cour-constitutionnelle-valide-la-r%C3%A9%C3%A9lection-d-issoufou-mahamadou.html. Accessed 24 July 2024.

AfricaNews. “Protests Erupt in Niger after Bazoum Wins Presidential Run-off Vote.” Africanews, 2021, www.africanews.com/2021/02/24/protests-erupt-in-niger-after-bazoum-wins-presidential-run-off-vote/. Accessed 24 July 2024.

Al Jazeera. “Niger Coup Leader Proposes a Three-Year Transition of Power.” Www.aljazeera.com, 20 Aug. 2023, www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/20/niger-coup-leader-proposes-three-year-transition-to-civilian-rule.

Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante Niger. “Assemblée Nationale 2021 Election Results.” February 2021. Accessed July 24, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071508/https://www.ceniniger.org/legislatives/.

—. “Niger Court Scraps Immunity of Deposed President Bazoum.” Al Jazeera, 14 June 2024, www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/14/niger-court-scraps-immunity-of-deposed-president-bazoum.

—. “Niger Military Names 21-Person Cabinet ahead of Key West African Summit.” Al Jazeera, 10 Aug. 2023, www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/10/niger-military-names-21-person-cabinet-ahead-of-west-african-summit. Accessed 24 July 2024.

Andrey Korotayev, et al. “Revolutionary History of Niger: From Independence to 2023 Coup.” Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region, 1 Jan. 2024, pp. 169–194, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53429-4_9.

BBC. “Le Général Abdourahamane Tchiani Est Le Nouveau Président Du Niger.” BBC News Afrique, 18 July 2023, www.bbc.com/afrique/monde-66339288. Accessed 24 July 2024.

—. “Niger’s Mohamed Bazoum Sworn in as President after Failed Coup.” Www.bbc.com, 2 Apr. 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56613931. Accessed 24 July 2024.

France24H. “Niger : Le Candidat Du Pouvoir, Mohamed Bazoum, Remporte La Présidentielle.” France 24, 23 Feb. 2021, www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210223-pr%C3%A9sidentielle-au-niger-le-candidat-du-pouvoir-mohamed-bazoum-l-emporte-avec-55-75-des-voix-commission-%C3%A9lectorale. Accessed 24 July 2024.

—. “Niger’s General Abdourahamane Tiani Declares Himself Leader after Coup.” France 24, 28 July 2023, www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230728-niger-s-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-declared-new-leader-following-coup-state-tv.

FranceInfo. “Niger : Ce Que l’on Sait de La Tentative de Coup d’Etat En Cours Contre Le Président Mohamed Bazoum.” Franceinfo, 26 July 2023, www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/niger/niger-ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-en-cours-contre-le-president-mohamed-bazoum_5973206.html.

Infobae, Newsroom. “Miles de Personas Participan En Niamey En Una Marcha En Apoyo al Golpe de Estado.” Infobae, 30 July 2023, www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2023/07/30/miles-de-personas-participan-en-niamey-en-una-marcha-en-apoyo-al-golpe-de-estado/. Accessed 24 July 2024.

ISS. “The Coup in Niger.” IISS, 2023, www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2023/the-coup-in-niger/.

McCullough, Aoife, and Adam Sandor. “Briefing: How a Mutiny Became A(Nother) Coup: The Politics of Counterinsurgency and International Military Partnerships in Niger.” African Affairs, vol. 122, no. 489, 16 Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adad034.

Olivier, Mathieu . “Niger : L’opposition Boycotte La Séance Inaugurale de La Nouvelle Assemblée Nationale – Jeune Afrique.com.” JeuneAfrique.com, 24 Mar. 2016, www.jeuneafrique.com/313074/politique/niger-lopposition-boycotte-la-seance-inaugurale-de-la-nouvelle-assemblee-nationale/. Accessed 24 July 2024.

Reuters. “US Troops Pull Out of Niger’s Air Base 101.” Reuters, July 7, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-troops-pull-out-nigers-air-base-101-2024-07-07/.

RFI. “Niger: Abdourahamane Tiani, d’Officier Légitimiste À Chef de Junte Militaire.” RFI, 28 July 2023, www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230728-le-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral-tchiani-nouvel-homme-fort-du-niger-%C3%A0-l-%C3%A9preuve-du-pouvoir. Accessed 24 July 2024.

—. “Présidentielle Au Niger: L’OIF Commence L’examen Du Fichier Électoral.” RFI, 29 Dec. 2015, www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20151229-presidentielle-niger-oif-commence-examen-fichier-electoral. Accessed 24 July 2024.

SENEGAL

AfricaNews. 2022. “Main Senegalese Opposition Coalitions Unite ahead of Parliamentary Elections.” Africanews. 2022. https://www.africanews.com/2022/05/11/main-senegalese-opposition-coalitions-unite-ahead-of-parliamentary-elections/.

Al Jazeera. 2012. “Protests in Senegal Turn Violent.” Al Jazeera. February 1, 2012. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/2/1/protests-in-senegal-turn-violent.

Al Jazeera. 2019. Mohamed, Hamza. “Incumbent Macky Sall Wins Senegal Presidential Election: PM.” Al Jazeera. February 25, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/25/incumbent-macky-sall-wins-senegal-presidential-election-pm.

Al Jazeera. 2023. “Nine Dead as Protests Rock Senegal after Sonko Jail Sentence.” Al Jazeera. June 2, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/2/nine-dead-as-protests-rock-senegal-after-sonko-jail-sentence#:~:text=At%20least%20nine%20people%20were.

Al Jazeera. 2024. “Protest over Election Delay Postponed in Senegal after Government Ban.” Al Jazeera. February 13, 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/13/protest-over-election-delay-postponed-in-senegal-after-government-ban.

APS. 2012. “Redirecting.” Www.google.com. January 27, 2012. https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/le-conseil-constitutionnel-accepte-la-candidature-de-me-wade_n_58310.html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1721887295663621&usg=AOvVaw1pbkOPaWhbkO4rYDjx-11T.

Camara, Badio, Aminata Ndiaye, Mouhamadou Diawara, Youssoupha Mbodj, Awa Dieye, Cheikh Coulibaly, and Ousmane Ba. 2024. Decision 1/C/2024.

Coulibaly, Abdou. 2024. Report De La Présidentielle sénégalaise: “Je N’ai Pas De Mots Pour Qualifier ça”, Dit l’ex-ministre Abdou Latif Coulibaly. Interview by RFI. Https://Www.rfi.fr/Fr/Afrique/20240205-Report-De-La-Pr%C3%A9sidentielle-s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise-Je-n-Ai-Pas-De-Mots-Pour-Qualifier-%C3%A7a-Dit-l-Ex-Ministre-Abdou-Latif-Coulibaly.

Dione, Babacar. 2023. “Ruling by Senegal’s Highest Court Blocks Jailed Opposition Leader Sonko from Running for President.” AP News. November 17, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/senegal-sonko-presidential-election-supreme-court-468d261fd4fdee23793a3b5114209beb.

Dione, Babacar. 2024. “Senegal Parliament Delays Election until December after Opposition Lawmakers Are Blocked from Voting.” AP News. February 5, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/senegal-dakar-internet-election-71233cbd5832d469ff3fe449343e3a26.

Dione, Babacar, and Sam Mednick. 2023. “Senegal Opposition Leader Sonko Convicted of Corrupting Youth, Acquitted of Rape.” AP News. June 2, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/senegal-opposition-leader-sonko-rape-verdict-a75472375f6a6d5b8918a5c813c292cd.

Economist, The. 2023. “Senegal’s President Macky Sall Says He Won’t Stand for a Third Term.” The Economist. July 6, 2023. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/07/06/senegals-president-macky-sall-says-he-wont-stand-for-a-third-term.

ECOWAS. 2024. “Communique no 3”. February 16, 2024. https://www.ecowas.int/communique-on-senegal-n3/. Press release by ECOWAS calling upon Senegalese authorities to reinstate the current electoral calendar.

Fessy, Thomas. 2012. “Senegal Proud of Peaceful Election after Macky Sall Win.” BBC News, March 26, 2012, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17514530.

Fitzgibbon, Will. 2020. “Cenozo | West Africa Leaks: Offshore Holdings of West Africa’s Officials, Traffickers Revealed.” Web.archive.org. January 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200103125422/https://cenozo.org/en/articles/95-west-africa-leaks-offshore-holdings-of-west-africas-officials-traffickers-revealed.

Lambert, Rachael. 2006. “Democracy in Senegal: A Case Study of Democratic Success in Africa.”

Maclean, Ruth. 2024. “Senegal Must Hold Election after All, Top Court Rules.” New York Times, February 15, 2024.

Mbewa, David Ochieng. 2024. “Senegalese Civil Society Groups, Presidential Candidates Reject Call for Dialogue.” CGTN Africa. February 23, 2024. https://africa.cgtn.com/senegalese-civil-society-groups-presidential-candidates-reject-salls-call-for-dialogue/.

Mendick, Sam. 2024. “Protestors Keep Pressure on Senegal’s President to Hold Elections as Soon as Possible.” AP News. February 17, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/senegal-election-president-macky-sall-protetss-9103d09f0908633e3eb359f201713700.

News, Seneweb. 2024. “Report de La Présidentielle: L’explication Du Député Qui a Fixé La Date Du 15 Décembre.” Seneweb. February 7, 2024. https://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/report-de-la-presidentielle-l-explicatio_n_432509.html.

Oyinloye, Afolake. 2024. “Senegal: Amnesty Law Passed by Cabinet.” Africanews. February 28, 2024. https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/29/senegal-amnesty-law-passed-by-cabinet/.

Sall, Macky. 2024. “Communique”, February 16, 2024.

Sall, Macky. 2024a. “Adresse À La Nation Du 3 Février 2024.” February 3, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPwC2gJwrIY.

Sall, Macky. 2024b. Decret N° 2024-106.

Senegalese Constitution, art. 28.

Soumaré, Marième, and Mawunyo Boko. 2023. “Senegal Elections: For Amadou Ba, the Hardest Part Lies Ahead.” The Africa Report.com. October 23, 2023. https://www.theafricareport.com/325431/senegal-elections-for-prime-minister-amadou-ba-the-hardest-part-lies-ahead/.

Thiam, Mamadou. 2024a. Proposition de Résolution Visant La Constitution d’Une Commission d’Enquête Parlementaire En Ue d’Éclaircir Les Conditions de 1’Élimination de Monsieur Karim Meissa WADE et Autres de La Liste Des Candidats À l’Élection Présidentielle Du 25 Février 2024.

Thiam, Mamadou. 2024b. Proposition de Loi Constitutionnelle N°04/2024 Portant Derogation Aux Dispositions de L’article 31 de La Constitution de La Republique Du Senegal.

VOA Afrique. 2017. “Nouveau Code Électoral Au Sénégal : La Diaspora Aura Droit À Quinze Députés.” Voice of America. January 3, 2017. https://www.voaafrique.com/a/nouveau-code-electoral-au-senegal-la-diaspora-aura-droit-a-quinze-deputes/3661353.html.

Jakarta Globe. 2013. “Women to Get Equal Shot in Senegal Elections | the Jakarta Globe.” Archive.ph. February 4, 2013. https://archive.ph/20130204134935/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/women-to-get-equal-shot-in-senegal-elections/527853.

Ba, Diadie, and Ngouda Dione. 2024. “Three Dead in Senegal Protests over Delayed Presidential Election.” Reuters. February 11, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/three-dead-senegal-protests-over-delayed-presidential-election-2024-02-11/.

AFP. 2024a. “15 Senegal Candidates Call for Vote before President Leaves Office.” Www.barrons.com. February 19, 2024. https://www.barrons.com/news/15-senegal-candidates-call-for-vote-before-president-leaves-office-66fc6587.

AFP. 2024b. “Ousmane Sonko Chooses Bassirou Diomaye Faye as Replacement in Senegal’s Presidential Race.” Africanews. 2024. https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/30/ousmane-sonko-chooses-bassirou-diomaye-faye-as-replacement-in-senegals-presidential-race/.

Court, Constitutional. 2024. Decision N 7/E/2024.

Bojang, Sherrif. 2009. “Local Elections Setback for Presidential Succession Plans.” Www1.Rfi.fr. March 24, 2009. http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/111/article_3257.asp.

Kane, Coumba, Moustapaha Kessous, and Philippe Ricard. 2023. “France Tries to Display New ‘Neutrality’ in Senegal ahead of 2024 Election.” Le Monde.fr, March 31, 2023. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/03/31/france-tries-to-display-new-neutrality-in-senegal-ahead-of-2024-election_6021332_4.html.

Samson, Fabienne. 2009. “Nouveaux Marabouts Politiques Au Sénégal. Lutte Pour l’Appropriation d’Un Espace Public Religieux,” January.

Adeoye, Aanu. 2019. “Senegal President Macky Sall Officially Wins Re-Election.” CNN. March 6, 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/06/africa/senegal-president-sall-re-election-intl/index.html.

TOGO

Actualite, Togo. 2013. “Législatives : Les Premières Tendances Favorables Au Pouvoir UNIR.” Togo Actualite – Premier Site d’Information Du Togo. July 26, 2013. https://togoactualite.com/legislatives-les-premieres-tendances-favorables-au-pouvoir-unir/.

AfricaNews. 2019. “Togo’s Main Opposition Party Chooses Leader as 2020 Flagbearer.” Africanews. 2019. https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/20/togo-s-main-opposition-party-chooses-leader-as-2020-flagbearer//.

Al Jazeera. 2019. “Togo Changes Law to Let President Stand for Two More Terms.” Www.aljazeera.com. May 9, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/9/togo-changes-law-to-let-president-stand-for-two-more-terms.

Atcha, Emmanue. 2018. “Togo : La CEDEAO Tranche Pour l’Organisation Des Législatives Le 20 Décembre Prochain.” La Tribune. August 1, 2018. https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2018-08-01/togo-la-cedeao-tranche-pour-l-organisation-des-legislatives-le-20-decembre-prochain-786803.html.

BBC. 2015. “Togo’s Defeated Opposition Leader Rejects Gnassingbe Victory.” BBC News, April 29, 2015, sec. Africa. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32518335.

Boucher, Alix. 2020. “Togo ‘S Implausible Election Results.” Africa Center for Strategic Studies. March 2, 2020. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/togo-implausible-election-results/.

France24H. 2024a. “Togo Adopts New Constitution, Parliament Set to Elect President.” France 24. March 26, 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240326-togo-adopts-new-constitution-parliament-set-to-elect-president.

———. 2024b. “Togo Opposition Calls for Mass Protest over Legislative Elections Delay.” France 24. April 5, 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20240405-togo-opposition-calls-for-mass-protest-over-legislative-elections-delay.

Harmon, Dwayne. 2017. “Mass Protests in Togo for Constitutional Reform.” ConstitutionNet. September 8, 2017. https://constitutionnet.org/news/mass-protests-togo-constitutional-reform.

Kaglan, Erick. 2024. “Togo Votes in Parliamentary Election Testing Support for Proposal That Could Keep Dynasty in Power.” AP News. April 29, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/togo-election-parliament-lawmakers-media-freedom-fa0f130e426b3bcef583f80170081157.

Le Monde. 2017. “Togo : La Très Controversée Réforme Constitutionnelle Sera Votée Par Référendum.” Le Monde.fr, September 19, 2017. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/09/19/togo-la-tres-controversee-reforme-constitutionnelle-sera-votee-par-referendum_5188031_3212.html#ZA4aWdfLSvc6m46O.99.

North Africa Post. 2024. “Togo’s 20 April Parliamentary Elections Postponed Indefinitely amid Constitutional Controversy – the North Africa Post.” NAP. April 4, 2024. https://northafricapost.com/76362-togos-20-april-parliamentary-elections-postponed-indefinitely-amid-constitutional-controversy.html.

Osei, Anja. 2018. “Like Father, like Son? : Power and Influence across Two Gnassingbé Presidencies in Togo.” Kops.uni-Konstanz.de, November. https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/entities/publication/ffe35a42-b4c3-480f-a55d-c70dc23ff748.

Republic of Togo. 2015. “Faure Gnassingbé Est Élu Président de La République.” République Togolaise. May 3, 2015. https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/faure-gnassingbe-est-elu-president-de-la-republique.